Kolokasi Nomina Adjketiva Bahasa Batak Toba : Kajian Semantik Kognitif

Abstract

Collocation is a language phenomenon that generally attracts the interest of researchers in various subfields of linguistics, both theoretical and computational. So far, research on collocations has only been based on various viewpoints from semantic studies, but has not examined collocations from the perspective of the meaning relationship between words. In fact, as part of linguistic elements, the form and meaning of collocations are manifestations of conceptual structure, which represents human cognitive abilities. For this reason, this research examines the collocation of adjective nouns in the Batak Toba language using cognitive semantic studies. This research answers five problem formulations, namely patterns, categorization of adjective nouns, differences in semantic types of adjectives, formation and meaning of collocations, and speakers' understanding regarding collocations of adjective nouns in the Batak Toba language. This research uses a qualitative approach by utilizing various data, such as written data, oral data, and also questionnaires, both as primary data and secondary data. Data collection was carried out using the listening method and skill method, while data analysis was carried out using the matching method and distributional method. Based on various research stages, the following results were found. First, the noun adjective collocation patterns found in the Batak Toba language include, 1) noun + adjective pattern, 2) noun + na + adjective pattern, 3) noun + na + so + adjective pattern, and 4) noun + na + so + ra + adjective pattern. The collocation pattern of adjective nouns in the Batak Toba language also tends to be characterized by metaphors in the nouns as the lexical core. Second, collocation categorization is found in three categories, namely: 1) category A which is formed through the collocation of nouns which have the semantic characteristic [+CONCRETE] with adjectives which have the semantic characteristic [+DIMENSION, +COLOR, +VALUE, +AGE, +SPEED] , 2) category B which is formed through the collocation of a noun which has the semantic characteristic [+LIVING] with an adjective which has the semantic characteristic [+DIMENSION, +COLOR, +VALUE, +AGE, +SPEED], c) category C which is formed through the collocation of the noun which has the semantic characteristics of [+INSANI] with adjectives that have the semantic characteristics of all adjectives. Third, differences in the semantic types of adjectives using the synonymy test reveal how Batak Toba speakers' cognition is in juxtaposing two words into a collocation. In fact, two words that are considered similar (synonyms) have nuances in meaning that mean that not all adjectives can be compared with the same noun. Fourth, the formation and meaning of collocations using constructional schemes, frames and conceptual combinations found that Batak Toba language speakers have excellent cognitive abilities in describing meaning through word pairings (collocations). Uniquely, the pairing of words is obtained through the objects around them which makes these collocations easier to understand and use in everyday communication. Finally, the understanding of Batak Toba language speakers obtained using a speaker questionnaire shows the same meaning as the meaning obtained using cognitive semantic studies. For this reason, further research is needed in the form of the formation and meaning of Toba Batak language collocations as a basis for creating a Batak Toba language collocation dictionary.