| dc.description.abstract | Background: Red ginger leaves are a natural material empirically used by communities to
treat wounds. The leaves contain flavonoid compounds such as quercetin, luteolin, and
resveratrol, which possess wound-healing properties.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract
and active fractions of red ginger leaves, analyze their components, and formulate a gel
preparation from the ethyl acetate fraction of red ginger leaves. The gel was applied to
excision wounds in rats infected with Staphylococcus aureusto assess its anti-inflammatory
effect.
Method: The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction was
tested using the diffusion method in vitro. The ethyl acetate fraction of red ginger leaves
was isolated through column chromatography, and the active compounds were
characterized using UV- Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, LC-MS/MS, and NMR. The active
fraction was formulated into a gel with concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5%. The gel was
evaluated, and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity tests were performed. Voltaren
was used as a positive control and a gel base as a negative control. Wound healing was
assessed in rats infected with Staphylococcus aureus, with parameters including wound
area, percentage of wound healing, histopathology (epidermal thickness and angiogenesis
count), and TNF-α expression.
Results: The antibacterial activity test indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction at a
concentration of 300 mg/mL exhibited the best inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus,
with an inhibition zone diameter of 14.92±0.37 mm. Two isolates were obtained from the
ethyl acetate fraction through column chromatography: a yellow isolate and a purple
isolate. Characterization of the isolates revealed the compounds 1-hydroxy-3,3-
dimethylbutane-2-one and bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate. The gel
formulation met the evaluation criteria. The 5% ethyl acetate fraction gel exhibited the best
activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with an inhibition zone diameter of 15.07 ± 0.15
mm, an epidermal thickness of 45423.84 ± 7235.03 µm, an angiogenesis count of 26.33 ±
0.31, and a TNF-α level of 81.3 ± 25.05 pg/mL. The positive control (Voltaren gel) and
negative control (gel base) showed inhibition zone diameters of 15.07 ± 0.15 mm;
epidermal thicknesses of 66493.89 ± 20345.10 µm and 25813.55 ± 5495.68 µm,
respectively; angiogenesis counts of 30.60 ± 4.95 and 14.67 ± 1.82, respectively; and TNFα levels of 98.49 ± 29.92 pg/mL and 82.48 ± 21.08 pg/mL, respectively.
Conclusion: The antibacterial activity test demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction had
significant inhibitory effects. The compounds identified from the isolates were 1-hydroxy3,3-dimethylbutane-2-one and bis 2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate. The ethyl
acetate fraction gel formulation passed the evaluation tests, and the 5% concentration was
most effective in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and promoting excision wound healing
in rats infected with the bacteria | en_US |
