Analisis Karakteristik dan Arah Pengembangan Desa Pesisir di Kabupaten Langkat

Abstract

Langkat District is one of the coastal areas in North Sumatera that has big economic potentials. However, it has complex problems such as the high rate of poverty and low quality of human resources in the coastal villages in particular. A research that identifies the characteristics and development direction of the coastal villages in Langkat District is needed to plan their development strategies. The analysis of village hierarchy using scalogram (to find out the relative diversity of the development level of the coastal villages compared to the other villages), showed that there were 29 coastal villages in Langkat District and none of them was classified into hierarchy I (advanced development), 6 villages were classified into hierarchy II (moderate development), and 23 villages were in hierarchy III (low development). According to the multivariate analysis, there were three clusters of village development with different characteristics; namely, Cluster I (very good number of educational facilities, access, and inadequate number of health facilities, moderate access to the central government, very poor people welfare, very low access to central economy, bad quality of environment); Cluster II (inadequate number of educational facilities, very good number and access to health facilities, good level of people welfare, good quality of environment, very good quality of citizens, very good access to the central government); and Cluster III (moderate access to health service, very low level of people welfare, low access to the central economy, quite good quality of environment, small number of agricultural families, moderate access to the central government). The development direction was adjusted to each area characteristic; namely, Cluster I (investment grant to business or partnership for the majority of fisherman community, and establishment of cooperative, improvement in the number of and access to health and economy facilities, and slum area management); Cluster II (strengthening of domestic business and small/micro industry, improvement in product competitiveness through product diversity and business investment, and improvement in the quality of human resources through better educational facilities); and Cluster III (improvement in the quality of human resources, for example, through improvement in the access to facilities of information technology and institution of courses/ skill training and slum area management so that people could be free from poverty).

Kabupaten Langkat merupakan salah satu daerah pesisir di Sumatera Utara yang memiliki potensi ekonomi yang besar. Namun Kabupaten Langkat memiliki permasalahan kompleks yaitu tingginya tingkat kemiskinan dan rendahnya kualitas sumberdaya manusia yang utamanya terjadi di daerah pesisir. Dalam menyusun strategi pengembangan desa pesisir di Kabupaten Langkat diperlukan suatu penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik dan arah pengembangannya. Berdasarkan analisis hierarki desa dengan skalogram (untuk mengetahui keragaan relatif tingkat perkembangan desa-desa pesisir dibanding desa lainnya), menunjukkan bahwa dari 29 desa pesisir di Kabupaten Langkat tidak satupun desa tergolong hierarki I (perkembangan maju), selanjutnya hierarki II (perkembangan sedang) berjumlah 6 desa dan hierarki III (perkembangan rendah) berjumlah 23 desa. Berdasarkan analisis multivariate, ada tiga cluster perkembangan desa dengan karakteristik yang berbeda yaitu: Cluster I (jumlah sarana pendidikan sangat baik, akses dan jumlah sarana kesehatan kurang, akses terhadap pusat pemerintahan sedang, tingkat kesejahteraan penduduk sangat buruk, akses terhadap pusat perekonomian sangat rendah, kualitas lingkungan kurang baik); Cluster II (jumlah sarana pendidikan kurang, jumlah dan akses terhadap sarana kesehatan sangat baik, tingkat kesejahteraan penduduk baik, kualitas lingkungan baik, kualitas penduduk sangat baik, akses terhadap pusat perekonomian sangat baik); dan Cluster III (akses terhadap layanan kesehatan sedang, tingkat kesejahteraan penduduk sangat rendah, akses terhadap pusat perekonomian rendah, kualitas lingkungan cukup baik, jumlah keluarga tani kecil, akses terhadap pusat pemerintahan sedang). Arahan pengembangan disesuaikan dengan karakteristik masing-masing wilayah yaitu: Cluster I (pemberian modal usaha maupun pendampingan bagi mayoritas masyarakat nelayan, dan pembentukan koperasi, meningkatkan jumlah dan akses terhadap sarana/prasarana kesehatan dan ekonomi serta penataan lingkungan kumuh); Cluster II (penguatan usaha rumahtangga dan industri kecil/mikro dengan meningkatkan daya saing produk melalui diversifikasi produk, permodalan usaha, dan meningkatkan kualitas SDM melalui peningkatan sarana pendidikan yang lebih baik); dan Cluster III (meningkatkan kualitas SDM salah satunya melalui peningkatan akses terhadap sarana teknologi informasi dan lembaga kursus/keterampilan serta penataan wilayah kumuh agar bisa membawa masyarakat keluar dari belenggu kemiskinan).