Hubungan Antara Pola Penataan Lingkungan Perumahan Terhadap Terciptanya Persepsi Keamanan Bagi Penghuni Perumahan

Abstract

The purpose q f this study was to find the answer to the relationship between the pattern of housing environmental management and the creation of security perception for the residents of housing complex, especially the housing complex with fence-surrounded community model. The location for this case study was Taman Johor Indah Permai Housing Complex in Medan. For that purpose, the first step taken was to do a post-habitation evaluation on the pattern of housing environmental management based on the principle of OPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design). Based on the evaluation, the effectiveness level of housing environmental management in criminal act prevention can be known. Then a poll was conducted through questionnaire distribution to identify the behavior of housing complex residents that a conclusion about to what extent the perception of security has been created in the neighborhood can be drawn. The result of the study on the perception of security in Taman Johor Indah Permai Housing Complex showed the same tendency, namely, it was secured for the certain pattern of environmental management. The locations regarded to have created the perception of security have general characteristics such as having a well functioning open space or a road functions as an interaction space rather than just a circulation space. The locations considered as being unsafe were identified right on the boundary of the housing complex and the outside environment where the houses were built on a single row (not facing each other). The conclusion of the result of this study is that there is a positive relationship between the pattern of housing-complex environmental management and the creation of perception of security fore the residents of Taman Johor Indah Permai Housing Complex. But it does not mean that the OPTED-based pattern of environmental management is the only variable that can create the perception of security. The result of this study also showed that there were other factors influencing the creation of the perception of security such as inter-neighbor relationship, residents' level of participation in public activity, and the presence of security guards.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan jawaban tentang hubungan antara pola penataan lingkungan perumahan dengan terciptanya persepsi keamanan bagi penghuni perumahan, khususnya perumahan dengan model komunitas berpagar. Studi kasus yang dipilih adalah Perumahan Taman Johor Indah Permai, Kota Medan.Langkah pertama yang dilakukan untuk maksud tersebut adalah evaluasi pasca huni terhadap pola penataan lingkungan perumahan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design). Berdasarkan evaluasi tersebut, dapat diketahui tingkat efektifitas penataan lingkungan perumahan dalam rangka pencegahan tindak kriminal. Selanjutnya dilakukan jajak pendapat melalui penyebaran kuesioner untuk menggali pendapat dan mengidentifikasi perilaku warga perumahan, sehingga didapat suatu kesimpulan tentang sejauhmana persepsi keamanan telah tercipta di tengah lingkungan tersebut. Hasil penelitian tentang persepsi keamanan di Perumahan Taman Johor Indah Permai menunjukkan kecencerungan yang sama yaitu aman untuk pola penataan lingkungan tertentu. Lokasi-lokasi yang dinilai telah menciptakan persepsi aman memiliki karakter umum, yaitu terdapat ruang terbuka yang berfungsi dengan baik atau terdapat ruang jalan yang fungsinya juga sebagai ruang interaksi, lebih dari sekedar ruang sirkulasi. Adapun lokasi-lokasi yang dinilai kurang aman, teridentifikasi tepat berada di batas komplek dengan lingkungan luar dan memiliki pola perletakan hunian yang segaris (tidak berhadapan). Kesimpulan akhir penelitian ini menjawab hipotesis yaitu terdapat hubungan positif antara pola penataan lingkungan perumahan dengan terciptanya persepsi aman bagi warga perumahan di Komplek Taman Johor Indah Permai. Namun fakta tersebut tidak serta-merta menunjukkan bahwa pola penataan lingkungan (menurut konsep CPTED) menjadi satu-satunya varisabel yang dapat menciptakan persepsi aman. Merujuk pada penelitian, ditemukan bahwa ada faktor lain yang turut mempengaruhi terciptanya persepsi keamanan. Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah hubungan antar tetangga; tingkat partisipasi warga dalam kegiatan komunitas dan keberadaan petugas keamanan.