Taksonomi dan Distribusi Jamblang (Syzygium Cumini (L) Skeels) di Aceh Besar

Abstract

The study to determine the taxonomy and distribution of jamblang (Syzygium cumini (L Skeels) has been carried out in district of Aceh Besar from December 2013 until August 2014. Data was collected through observation covering morphology, chemical and physical factors of soil (N, P and K elements), the distribution, and the secondary metabolite content. The results of present study indicate that morphological data of vegetative and generative organs are relatively similar in all locations. The analysis of soil showed the content of N, P, and K are different for every location. Nitrogen content is 0.06 to 0.15%, Phosphorus 8.44 to 9.56 ppm, and Potassium is 0.075 to 1.054 m.e/100g. The result of ecological study indicates that all jamblang occupy various types of habitats in a mixture of dry land agricultural. Syzygium cumini is found in a lowland area from coastal area to 133 m above sea level, annual rainfall 1500-2500 mm / year with chromic fluvisol soil types. Phytochemical analysis of this species suggest there are three groups of secondary metabolites which are alkaloid, phenols (flavonoids, tannins, saponins), and steroid determined in leaves, fruit and bark. Metabolite content of those plant parts are relatively similar except a flavonoids compound is not found on fruit and bark of Syzygium cumini.

Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui taksonomi dan distribusi jamblang (Syzygium cumini (L Skeels) telah dilakukan di Aceh Besar dari Desember 2013 sampai Agustus 2014. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi meliputi parameter morfologi organ vegetatif dan generatif, faktor fisik kimia tanah (unsur N, P dan K), persebaran dan kandungan metabolit sekunder. Hasil penelitian morfologi organ tidak memperlihatkan adanya variasi di semua lokasi. Analisis unsur N, P, dan K tanah memperlihatkan perbedaan pada masing-masing daerah. Kadar nitrogen berkisar 0,06-0,15%, posfor 8,44-9,56 ppm, dan kalium 0,075- 1,054 m.e/100g. Analisis ekologi memperlihatkan jamblang mendiami beragam habitat pada pertanian lahan kering campuran. Umumnya tumbuh pada dataran rendah mulai dari pinggir pantai hingga ketinggian 133 m dpl, pada curah hujan 1500-2500 mm/tahun, dan tipe tanah chromic fluvisol. Analisis fitokimia menunjukkan jamblang memiliki senyawa alkaloid, fenol (flavonoid, tanin, saponin) dan steroid. Kandungan metabolit sekunder pada daun, buah dan kulit batang sangat mirip kecuali pada buah dan kulit batang tidak ditemukan senyawa flavonoid dari gugus fenol.