Taksonomi dan Distribusi Balakka (Phyllanthus Emblica L.) di Sumatera Utara Bagian Selatan

Abstract

The study to determine the taxonomy and distribution of indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) has been carried out in Southern part of North Sumatera from December 2013 until August 2014. Data was collected through observation covering morphology, chemical and physical factors of soil (N, P, and K elements), the distribution, and the secondary metabolite content. The results of present study indicate that morphological data of vegetative and generative organs are relatively similar in all location, except the fruit. The analysis of soil showed the content of N, P, and K are different for every location. Nitrogen content is 0.03 to 0.11%, Phosphorus 8.44 to10.00 ppm, and Potassium is 0.038 to 0,833 m.e/100g. The results of ecological study indicates that all indian gooseberry occupy various types of habitats in mixture of dryland agricultural. Phyllanthus emblica is found on elevates 48 – 876 m above sea level, annual rainfall 2000-2500 mm/year with humic acrisols soil types. Phytocemichal analysis of this species suggest there are three group of secondary metabolites which are alkaloid, phenols (flavonoids, tannins, saponins) and steroid determined in leaves, bark and fruit. Secondary metabolite content higher are a tannins compound was be found on those plant parts.

Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui taksonomi dan distribusi balakka (Phyllanthus emblica L.) telah dilakukan di Sumatera Utara Bagian Selatan dari Desember 2013 sampai Agustus 2014. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi meliputi parameter morfologi organ vegetatif dan generatif, faktor fisik kimia tanah (unsur N, P dan K), persebaran dan kandungan metabolit sekunder. Hasil penelitian morfologi organ tidak memperlihatkan adanya variasi di semua lokasi, kecuali pada buah. Analisis unsur N, P, dan K tanah memperlihatkan perbedaan pada masing-masing daerah. Kadar nitrogen berkisar 0,03-0,11%, posfor 8,44-10,00 ppm, dan kalium 0,038-0,833 m.e/100g). Analisis ekologi memperlihatkan balakka mendiami beragam habitat pada pertanian lahan kering campuran. Umumnya tumbuh pada ketinggian 48 – 876 dpl, pada curah hujan 2000-2500 mm/tahun, dan tipe tanah humic acrisols. Analisis fitokimia menunjukkan balakka memiliki senyawa alkaloid, fenol (flavonoid, tanin, saponin) dan steroid pada daun, kulit batang dan buah. Kandungan metabolit sekunder yang paling tinggi ditemukan pada ketiga organ balakka adalah tanin dari gugus fenol.