Pengaruh Faktor Sosial Ekonomi dan Ekologi terhadap Produksi Kopi Arabika Spesialti Dalam Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal di Kabupaten Simalungun

Abstract

The objective of this research is to know the influence of socioeconomic and ecological factors on production of specialty Arabica coffee in Simalungun District. In addition, research also examined the benefit of coffee certification program, land use and analysis of policy and program need. This studies underlying model of local economic development (LED) based on agribusiness of specialty Arabica coffee. Selection of the sample area is carried out by multi-stage cluster sampling (MSCS) while the determination of the sample of households using probability-proportionalto- size and simple random sampling for 79 units certified coffee farms and 210 units non-certified coffee farms. Farms data was analyzed with multiple linear regression model. The role of Arabica coffee in LED examined in correlation coefficient, share analysis, scenario analysis, policy review and need assessment. Increased production and productivity of specialty arabica coffee is done with intensification strategy through: (1) increased of suitable fertilizer recommendations, (2) facilitation of specialty arabica coffee farm credit, (3) optimization of land use (intercropping or coffee multistrata), (4) optimization of the use of family labour, (5) application of good agricultural practices (shade tree, organic fertilizer, coffee pruning, land conservation, and control of coffee berry borer). While the efforts of extensification should be conducted if an effort of intensification have shown an increase in production and productivity. Ecological factors have an important role in the development of specialty arabica coffee in the highlands of Simalungun. An increase in the application of ecological variables at the level of farming will double role in improving productivity, quality coffee and support the sustainability of the coffee production by ecologically. Productivity of certified arabica coffee is lower (8%) than productivity of noncertificate coffee. While certified coffee price is only slightly higher (3.57%) than non-certified coffee price. It takes an effort to raise the premium coffee price to 26% for higher income of certified coffee by 25% as compared to the non-certified coffee. Specialty arabica coffee farming is highly prospective and strategic to achieving the purpose of the local economic development. Specialty arabica coffee farming contributed 3.27% in the regional income and 8.29% of the total workforce in Simalungun District. Local economic development policy are assessed relevant for the development of specialty arabica coffee commodities, but SKPD programs are not optimal, even less focused. Therefore, the results of this study recommend 14 programs to support Model of LED based on Agribusiness of Specialty Arabica Coffee in the Simalungun Highlands. In addition, the model that is developed must be supported by spatial detail a specialty arabica coffee production region as well as accelerating the revision of Decree of Ministry of Forestry No. 44/2005.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor sosial ekonomi dan ekologi terhadap produksi kopi arabika spesiati di Kabupaten Simalungun. Selain itu, dikaji manfaat program sertifikasi kopi, tata guna lahan, dan analisis kebutuhan kebijakan dan program. Kajian-kajian ini mendasari rekomendasi model pengembangan ekonomi lokal (PEL) berbasis agribisnis kopi arabika spesialti. Pemilihan sampel wilayah dilakukan dengan multi-stage cluster sampling (MSCS) sementara penentuan sampel rumah tangga menggunakan teknik probabilityproportional- to-size (PPS) dan sampel acak sederhana untuk 79 unit usahatani kopi sertifikat dan 210 usahatani kopi non-sertifikat. Data usahatani dianalisis dengan model regresi linier berganda. Peran komoditas kopi arabika dalam PEL dikaji dengan koefisien korelasi, analisis pangsa, analisis skenario, kajian kebijakan dan analisis kebutuhan. Peningkatan produksi dan produktivitas kopi arabika spesialti dilakukan dengan strategi intensifikasi melalui: (1) peningkatan jumlah pupuk sesuai rekomendasi, (2) fasilitasi kredit usahatani kopi arabika spesialti, (3) optimalisasi pemanfaatan lahan (tumpangsari atau kopi multistrata), (4) optimalisasi penggunaan tenaga kerja keluarga, (5) penerapan praktik pertanian yang baik (pohon pelindung, pupuk organik, pemangkasan tanaman kopi, konservasi lahan, dan pengendalian PBKo). Sementara upaya ekstensifikasi (perluasan lahan) sebaiknya dilakukan apabila upaya intensifikasi telah menunjukkan peningkatan produksi dan produktivitas. Faktor ekologi memiliki peran penting dalam pengembangan kopi arabika spesialti di dataran tinggi Simalungun. Peningkatan penerapan variabel ekologi di tingkat usahatani akan berperan ganda dalam meningkatkan produktivitas, kualitas kopi serta mendukung keberlanjutan produksi kopi secara ekologis. Produktivitas kopi arabika sertifikat lebih rendah (8%) dari produktivitas kopi arabika non-sertifikat. Sementara harga kopi sertifikat hanya sedikit lebih tinggi (3,57%) daripada harga kopi non-sertifikat. Diperlukan upaya untuk meningkatkan harga premium kopi menjadi 26% agar pendapatan petani kopi sertifikat lebih tinggi sebesar 25% dibandingkan dengan pendapatan petani non-sertifikat. Usahatani kopi arabika spesialti sangat prospektif dan strategis untuk mencapai tujuan pengembangan ekonomi lokal. Usahatani kopi arabika spesialti memberikan kontribusi 3,27% dalam pendapatan wilayah dan 8,29% dalam penyerapan tenaga kerja total Kabupaten Simalungun. Kebijakan pengembangan ekonomi lokal dinilai gayut untuk pengembangan komoditas kopi arabika spesialti, namun program SKPD dinilai belum optimal, bahkan kurang fokus. Oleh karena itu, hasil penelitian ini merekomendasi 14 program untuk mendukung Model PEL berbasis Agribisnis Kopi Arabika Spesialti di dataran tinggi Simalungun. Disamping itu, model yang dikembangkan harus didukung tata ruang rinci sentra produksi kopi arabika spesialti serta percepatan revisi SK Menteri Kehutanan No. 44/2005.