Tindak Tutur pada Tokoh Samurai dan Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Jepang dalam Film Rurouni Kenshin

Abstract

This study aims to (1) identify the function of illocutionary speech acts which spoken by samurai characters in the film of Rurouni Kenshin (2) explain the local wisdom of Japanese society in the film of Rurouni Kenshin. This research is qualitative research which in the data collection used refer method by download and record techniques and the data analysis used Padan method by speech partner determinant. In the presentation of research results used descriptive method. Theoretical studies which used were pragmatic theory by illocutionary speech act function by Searle, and the local wisdom theory by Keraf, which related to samurai beliefs in the bushido concept. The result of the study found that there were 101 illocutionary speech acts spoken by samurai characters as follows; in assertive illocutionary speech acts, there are 3 utterances of state function, and 2 utterances of report function, in directive illocutionary speech acts, there are 6 utterances of direct function, 8 utterances of request function, 8 utterances of forbid function, 17 utterances of advice function, 4 utterances of invite function, and 1 utterance of ask function, in declarative illocutionary speech acts, there are 14 utterances of emphasize function, 5 utterances of explain function, and 1 utterance of decide function, in commissive illocutionary acts, there are 1 utterance of swear function, 3 utterances of guarantee function, 11 utterances of threat function, and 3 utterances of pledge function, in expressive illocutionary acts, there are 3 utterances to express disappointment, 4 utterances to express frustration, 3 utterances to express joy, 2 utterances to express gratitude, 1 utterance to express apology, and 1 utterance to express concern. Then in this film found 8 values of bushido that become local wisdom for the Japanese society, which namely integrity (gi) as many as 15 utterances, politeness and honor (rei) as many as 9 utterances, caring (tei) as many as 12 utterances, generosity (jin) as many as 12 utterances, honesty-sincerity (makoto-shin) as many as 12 utterances, respect-good name (meiyo) as many as 9 utterances, courage (yuu) as many as 4 utterances, and loyalty (chuugi) as many as 3 utterances. Based on research results, it is known that only 76 utterances contained local wisdom of the Japanese society and not all of them can be adjusted to the types of general local wisdom. These findings explained that there are differences between the local wisdom of certain communities and other communities which characterize each of community. Besides that, it also known that not all the functions of illocutionary acts by Searle founded in the speech acts of samurai characters in the film of Rurouni Kenshin. It is also concluded that basically the local wisdom of Japanese society, especially samurai is based on the religion and beliefs of the previous ancestors which are adjusted and utilized according to the needs of the community which is changing time by time so that formed their character and also seen by the speech acts of that society itself.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengidentifikasi fungsi tindak tutur ilokusi yang dituturkan oleh tokoh samurai dalam film Rurouni Kenshin (2) menjelaskan kearifan lokal masyarakat Jepang yang terdapat dalam film Rurouni Kenshin. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang pada pengumpulan data digunakan metode simak dengan teknik unduh dan catat, dan analisis data digunakan metode padan dengan alat penentu mitra tutur. Pada penyajian hasil penelitian digunakan metode deskriptif. Kajian teori yang digunakan adalah teori pragmatik yaitu teori tentang fungsi tindak tutur ilokusi oleh Searle, kemudian teori kearifan lokal yang digunakan adalah teori yang dikemukakan oleh Keraf yang berkaitan dengan keyakinan samurai dalam konsep hidupnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 101 tindak tutur ilokusi yang dituturkan oleh tokoh samurai sebagai berikut; pada tindak tutur ilokusi asertif terdapat fungsi-fungsi, yaitu 3 tuturan menyatakan dan 2 tuturan melaporkan; pada tindak tutur ilokusi direktif terdapat fungsi-fungsi, yaitu 6 tuturan memerintah, 8 tuturan memohon, 8 tuturan melarang, 17 tuturan menasehati, 4 tuturan mengajak, 1 tuturan meminta; pada tindak tutur ilokusi deklaratif, terdapat fungsi-fungsi, yaitu 14 tuturan menegaskan, 5 tuturan menjelaskan, dan 1 tuturan memutuskan; pada tindak tutur ilokusi komisif terdapat fungsi-fungsi, yaitu 1 tuturan bersumpah, 3 tuturan menjamin, 11 tuturan mengancam, dan 3 tuturan berjanji dan pada tindak tutur ilokusi ekspresif terdapat fungsi-fungsi, yaitu 3 tuturan mengungkapkan kekecewaan, 4 tuturan mengungkapkan kekesalan, 3 tuturan mengungkapkan rasa gembira, 2 tuturan mengungkapkan rasa terima kasih, 1 tuturan mengungkapkan permohonan maaf, dan 1 tuturan menunjukkan rasa prihatin. Kemudian pada film ini ditemukan 8 nilai bushido yang menjadi kearifan lokal bagi masyarakat Jepang yaitu integritas (gi) sebanyak 15 tuturan, kesantunan dan kehormatan (rei) sebanyak 9 tuturan, kepedulian (tei) sebanyak 12 tuturan, kemurahan hati (jin) sebanyak 12 tuturan, kejujuran-ketulusan (makoto-shin) sebanyak 12 tuturan, Meiyo (Penghormatan-Nama baik) sebanyak 9 tuturan, keberanian (yuu) sebanyak 4 tuturan, dan kesetiaan (chuugi) sebanyak 3 tuturan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa hanya 76 tuturan yang mengandung kearifan lokal masyarakat Jepang dan tidak seluruhnya dapat disesuaikan dengan jenis kearifan lokal secara umum. Temuan ini dapat menjelaskan bahwa terdapat perbedaan antara kearifan lokal masyarakat tertentu dengan masyarakat lainnya yang menjadi ciri masing-masing masyarakat tersebut. Selain itu dapat diketahui juga bahwa tidak semua fungsi ilokusi Searle ditemukan dalam tindak tutur samurai dalam film Rurouni Kenshin tersebut. Simpulan pada penelitian ini adalah bahwa kearifan lokal masyarakat Jepang terutama golongan samurai, didasarkan pada agama maupun kepercayaan leluhur terdahulu yang disesuaikan dan dimanfaatkan sesuai kebutuhan masyarakat yang seiring waktu dapat mengalami perubahan tertentu sehingga membentuk karakter dan dapat dilihat dari tuturan masyarakat itu sendiri.