Penggambaran Sikap, Pendirian, dan Penilaian dalam Teks dan Konteks melalui Bahasa Evaluatif

Abstract

This dissertation investigates language of evaluation in texts of different genres. It attempts to discuss how is speakers’ or writers’ evaluation on the subject, addressee, or the world in such text genres as fiction, interview, research paper, editorial, and news story. This evaluation may be related to evaluative parameters, some of which may be realized by lexical units in the texts. (1) Do the texts of different genres have different caharacteristics of evaluative language? (2) How are the characteristics realized by the lexicon of Bahasa Indonesia in the texts? (2a) How are speakers’ or writers’ positioning (ENGAGEMENT) encoded in the texts? (2h) How are speakers’ or writers’ attitude such as personal emotion (AFFECT), judgement of others’ behaviors (JUDGEMENT), evaluation on phenomena, objects, processes, or products (APPRECIATION) encoded in each text genre? (26) How is the meaning of evaluation intensified or softened in the texts (GRADUATION). (3) How are texts and contexts express the semantic resources of evaluation such as ENGAGEMENT, ATTITUDES (AFFECT, JUDGEMENT, APPRECIATION), and GRADUATION. (4) Are textual characteristics such as lexical variation and lexical density related to the characteristics of evaluatif language?

The research method used here is analytical descriptive method which applies APPRAISAL method and techniques. The data are obtained from the sampels of web corpus which are grouped into text genres of fiction, interview, research paper. editorial, and news story.

The results are as follows: (I) Texts of different genre have different characteristics of evaluative language. By using the Appraisal key words, the analysis on the five text genres which become the object of the study found both key words occuring in all text genres and key words unique to each genre. From the key words occuring in all genres the appraisal properties of each key word were identified. (2) The evaluative language was realized by certain lexis in the lexicon of Bahasa Indonesia to evaluate the proposition spoken/written, the world, and the relationship between the proposition and the world. These so called appraisal lexis have interpersonal meaning which describe ENGAGEMENT, ATTITUDES (AFFECT, JUDGEMENT, APPRECIATION), and GRADUATION. (2a) ENGAGEMENT is encoded by the APPRAISAL: ENGAGEMENT lexicon. (2b) Speakers writers’ attitudes such as “personal emotion” (AFFCET), “judgement on others’ behavior” (JUDGEMENT), “evaluation on phenomena, objects. process or products” (APPRECIATION) are encoded by the APPRAISAL: AFFECT lexicon. (2c) Lexis which “intensifies and softens the meaning of evaluation” (GRADUATION) is encoded in different genres by the use of the APPRAISAL: Graduation lexicon. (3) Contexts play important role in the expression of the semantic resources of evaluation such as ENGAGEMENT, ATTITUDE, and GRADUATION. The contexts determined very much each category or linguistic unit whether it does or does not belong to the the semantic resources of evaluation. From is context, a text genre of news story is factual in nature. The token of ENGAGEMENT: HETEROGLOSS: EXPANTION: ATTRIBUTE: ACKNOWLEDGE is used to support the news report. (4) From the analysis of vocabulary and tipe token ratio on the lexicon of ENGAGEMENT, AFFECT, JUDGEMENT, and APPRESIATION, it is found consistently that the size of text tends to affect the lexical variation. Meaning that a high or low lexical variation does not correlate to which APPRAISAL lexis is prominent in the text.