Kekerabatan Bahasa Aceh, Bahasa Minangkabau, dan Bahasa Jawa: Kajian Linguistik Historis Komparatif

Abstract

This study aims at identifying sound changes from Proto Austronesia to Acehnese, Minangkabau, and Javanese languages, as well as the kinship of Acehnese and Minangkabau, Acehnese and Javanese, Minangkabau and Javanese language. Also, it intends to determine the language separation of the three languages. This qualitative quantitative study collects 300 basic vocabularies through in-depth interviews or field observations. These data are recorded and taken notes on before being analyzed using lexicostatistics and glottochronology methods to determine language separation. This research is being carried out in Aceh, Medan, and Binjai. This study finds that the sound changes of the proto­ language found in Acehnese are mtathesis, apheresis, syncope, apocope, epenthesis, paragoge, but not the prosthesis. On the other hand, metathesis, apheresis, syncope, apocope, prosthesis, epenthesis, and paragoge are all found in the sound changes from Proto Austronesian to Minangkabau language. In terms of the sound changes from proto-Austronesian to Javanese language, apheresis, syncope, apocope, prosthesis, epenthesis, and paragoge are found, except for the Metathesis. Furthermore, 12 identical word pairs have been discovered in the Acehnese and Minangkabau languages, including 31 phonemic correspondence word pairs, 8 phonetically correspondence word pairs, and 26-word pairs with one different phoneme. This condition yields 77 correspondence word pairs, indicating that the language kinship level is 20% and showing that these languages are stock. These two languages separated from protolanguage around 1,8014 - 1,588 BC (calculated from 2021). There are 17 identical word pairs, 15 phonemic correspondence word pairs, 3 phonetically correspondence word pairs, and 10- word pairs with one different phoneme in the Acehnese and Javanese languages, indicating a 10% level of language kinship and classifying the languages as microphyllum. It has been discovered that the Acehnese and Javanese languages separated from the protolanguage around 3473 - 3242 BC (calculated form 2021). Besides, there are 26 identical word pairs, 36 phonemic correspondence word pairs, 9 phonetically correspondence word pairs, and 21 word-pairs with one different phoneme in Minangkabau and Javanese, yielding 92 correspondence word pairs, indicating a 30% level of language kinship and classifying the languages as stock. Minangkabau and Javanese languages separated from protolanguage from 3473 - 3242 BC (calculatedfrom 2021).