Keragaman Jamur Endofit dari Akar Tanaman Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) dan Potensinya sebagai Penghasil Antimikroba

Abstract

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is extensively consumed and commercially exploited due to its beneficial bioactive compounds. To sustain durian cultivation, one approach involves exploring the potential of endophytic fungi. The advantages of endophytic fungi can reduce dependence on raw material sources from their host plants, and existing biodiversity can be maintained. The study aimed to isolate endophytic fungi from the roots of durian tree saplings of five varieties—Montong, Bawor, Ochee (Black Thorn), Kane, and Musang King—and determine their ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes. The endophytic fungal isolates were assayed for its antagonistic ability to inhibit human pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and a pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. Bioactive metabolites were extracted using ethyl acetate and followed by phytochemical analysis. Antagonistic fungal isolates were identified based on ITS-rDNA region using ITS-1F and ITS-4R primers. The twenty-seven isolates of endophytic fungal with different morphological characteristics from five varieties of durian root were obtained. The twenty-two isolates of endophytic fungal showed inhibitory activity against the test bacteria, and 8 isolates inhibited C. albicans. The five most potential endofit fungi isolates are JEM4, JEB5, JEO4, JEK3, and JMK1. Ethyl acetate extract of JEK3 with a concentration of 80% showed the highest antimicrobial index of 3.98 with a inhibition zone diameter 29.9 mm close to the diameter of the antibiotic barrier area of chloramphenicol (31.16 mm). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. Molecular identification of the potential endophytic fungal isolates showed genetic similarity to Fusarium oxysporum (JEM4), Trichoderma asperellum (JEB5), Scytalidium dimidiatum (JEO4), Codinaea acaciae (JEK3), and Codinaea siamensis (JMK1).