Daya Saing Perdagangan Ekspor Biji Kakao Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan Ekspor Utama

Abstract

Cocoa bean as an export commodity has a large amount of foreign exchange for Indonesia. The development of Indonesian cocoa bean exports before the implementation of the export duty policy on cocoa beans showed that Indonesia's export dominance was still in the form of beans at 80 percent, so that Indonesia was known as the third largest cocoa exporter in the world. However, on the one hand, the volume of cocoa bean exports to destination countries causes the availability of cocoa beans in the country to fluctuate, tending to decrease. Since the government of Indonesia implemented export tax policy on cocoa beans in order to develop cocoa processing industry. This research aims to analyze the structure of the cocoa bean market, the competitiveness of cocoa beans, the trade specialization of Indonesian cocoa bean, and analyze the factors that influence Indonesian cocoa beans (cocoa beans) exports in the five main destination countries (Malaysia, USA, Singapore, India and Belgium). The methods used in this research is the Herfindahl Index (HI), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), Trade Specialization (ISP) and Panel Data Regression. The results of the Herfindahl Index (HI) test showed that there was a monopoly market structure in the USA, Singapore, India and Belgium markets, while Malaysia was in an oligopoly market structure. The results for RCA Indonesia for the five main destination countries are that they have a comparative advantage with an RCA value that shows more than one. The EPD test results showed that Indonesian cocoa beans were in the Lost Opportunity position in Malaysia, Singapore, India and Belgium except for the USA which was in the Retreat position. ISP test results Indonesian cocoa bean commodities in the three main export destination countries namely Singapore, India and Belgium are at the maturity stage (ISP values 0.85, 0.98 and 0.88 respectively) while in Malaysia and the USA they are at the growth stage (ISP values respectively 0.71 and 0.47 respectively). The factors that influence the volume of Indonesian cocoa bean exports to the five main countries are thought to influence the research results that the cocoa bean export price variable, the exchange rate (exchange rate), has a positive and significant effect while GDP per Capita has a negative and significant effect on the decline in export volume Indonesian cocoa beans.